Background: The physiological mechanisms underlying energy production and fatigue are complex, involving biochemical pathways that rely heavily on vitamins and minerals. These micronutrients play crucial roles in cellular energy production, oxidative stress regulation, and neurotransmission, all of which are vital for maintaining physical and mental performance. Deficiencies in these micronutrients can lead to increased fatigue and diminished metabolic health.

Aim: This article explores the role of vitamins and minerals in modulating biochemical pathways that influence energy metabolism and metabolic health. It emphasizes the importance of these micronutrients in cellular functions, particularly in energy production, oxygen transport, and oxidative stress regulation, and examines the consequences of inadequate micronutrient status on physical fatigue.

Methods: A comprehensive review of clinical studies and biochemical literature was conducted to analyze the impact of various vitamins and minerals, such as B vitamins, iron, magnesium, and vitamin C, on cellular energy production and physical fatigue. The mechanisms of micronutrient action, including their roles in oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen transport, and neurochemical synthesis, were evaluated.

Results: Vitamins and minerals, including B vitamins, iron, magnesium, and vitamin C, play pivotal roles in cellular energy production through processes like oxidative phosphorylation and oxygen transport. Deficiencies in these nutrients result in fatigue, impaired physical performance, and diminished energy levels. For instance, inadequate iron levels impair oxygen transport, while magnesium deficiencies affect muscle function and endurance. Clinical studies confirm that supplementing these micronutrients improves energy levels and reduces fatigue, particularly in individuals with deficiencies.

Conclusion: Micronutrients are essential for maintaining optimal metabolic health and energy production. Their roles in oxidative stress regulation, oxygen transport, and neurotransmitter synthesis are critical for sustaining physical and mental performance. Addressing deficiencies through supplementation can significantly alleviate fatigue and improve overall health outcomes. However, more research is needed to establish optimal supplementation guidelines and the long-term effects of micronutrient interventions on fatigue.