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Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors

Article

Last updated: 03 Jan 2025

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Subjects

-

Tags

Animal Health, Nutrition and Food Control (Veterinary Public Health, Animal Wealth Development, Animal Nutrition, Zoonoses, Food Control)

Abstract

Over 2,500 Salmonella serovars cause typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis, which has economic and public health importance worldwide. The routes, modes, and vectors of Salmonella transmission in humans and animals, including the factors that affect them are important in the understanding of the epidemiology, prevention, and control of the disease. This study aims to identify the routes, modes, and vectors of transmission of Salmonella, including the factors that enhance the spread, maintenance, and persistence of the organism in humans and animals. This was achieved by using a Google search engine to obtain peer-reviewed articles on the keywords of this study. The major route of transmission of Salmonella in humans is faecal-oral, while the transovarial route has also been reported in poultry. Ingestion of contaminated food or water, contaminated materials from pets/wildlife, infected persons, and transmission to the young through the placenta are described as modes of transmission of Salmonella in humans. Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Typhimurium), Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and Salmonella Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) attach efficiently to vectors like fruits and vegetables with the aid of AgfD-regulated-adhesin, biofilms, and flagella. The organism can also invade plant tissues before transmission to humans and animals. Phytophagous hemipteran and cynanthropia/coprophagic insects serve as vectors of transmission by forcibly excreting ingested Salmonella and through their intermittent habitat and diet changes, respectively. Lice serve as vectors by ingesting viable strains of the organism, after they reach a maximum titre of 0.5–5.0 ×107 within 6–8 hours; Salmonella is thereafter shed and transmitted through their faeces. Factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella include pathogen, host and environment-related factors like increased antimicrobial resistance, intermittent shedding of the organism and rainfall, respectively. The knowledge of the routes, modes, vectors, and factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella will contribute to the body of knowledge on the epidemiology, prevention, and control of salmonellosis. 

DOI

10.21608/zvjz.2023.187316.1202

Keywords

Salmonella, routes, vectors, mode of transmission

Authors

First Name

OLADAPO

Last Name

OLUDAIRO

MiddleName

O.

Affiliation

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Email

oludairo@hotmail.com

City

-

Orcid

0000-0002-8835-8853

First Name

Jacob

Last Name

Kwaga

MiddleName

K. P.

Affiliation

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Email

jacobkwaga@yahoo.com

City

Zaria

Orcid

-

First Name

Junaidu

Last Name

Kabir

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Email

junabir@gmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Paul

Last Name

Abdu

MiddleName

A.

Affiliation

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Email

paabdu2004@yahoo.com

City

Zaria

Orcid

-

First Name

Arya

Last Name

Gitanjali

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Salmonella Reference Laboratory National Microbiology Laboratory @ Guelph Public Health Agency of Canada,

Email

gitanjali.arya@canada.ca

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Ann

Last Name

Perrets

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Salmonella Reference Laboratory National Microbiology Laboratory @ Guelph Public Health Agency of Canada,

Email

ann.perets@phac-aspc.gc.ca

City

Guelph

Orcid

-

First Name

Veronica

Last Name

Cibin

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Salmonella Reference laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Viale dell’Università, Legnaro (PD), Italy

Email

vcibin@izsvenezie.it

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Antonia

Last Name

Lettini

MiddleName

Anna

Affiliation

almonella Reference laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Viale dell’Università, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy

Email

alettini@izsvenezie.it

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Julius

Last Name

Olaniyi Aiyedun

MiddleName

Olaniyi

Affiliation

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Email

olaaiyedun@yahoo.com

City

Ilorin

Orcid

-

First Name

Oluwafemi

Last Name

Daodu

MiddleName

B.

Affiliation

Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria

Email

daodu.femi@gmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Isaac

Last Name

Olorunshola

MiddleName

D.

Affiliation

Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria

Email

idolorunshola@yahoo.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Uduak

Last Name

Akpabio

MiddleName

-

Affiliation

Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria

Email

udiakpabio@gmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

Volume

51

Article Issue

1

Related Issue

40564

Issue Date

2023-03-01

Receive Date

2023-01-14

Publish Date

2023-03-01

Page Start

76

Page End

91

Print ISSN

1110-1458

Online ISSN

2357-075X

Article File

ZVJZ_Volume 51_Issue 1_Pages 76-91.pdf

PDF . 360.9kB

Link

https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/article_293173.html

Detail API

https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/service?article_code=293173

Order

293,173

Type

Review Article

Type Code

602

Publication Type

Journal

Publication Title

Zagazig Veterinary Journal

Publication Link

https://zvjz.journals.ekb.eg/

MainTitle

Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors

Details

Type

Article

Created At

30 Dec 2024