The present study aimed at investigating the relation between the possible therapeutic effect of human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs), isolated from cord blood on induced glomerular and tubular renal damage and their distribution. This was accomplished by using adriamycin (ADR) induced nephrotoxicity as a model in albino rat. Thirty four male albino rats were divided into: Control group, group A (Adriamycin group) each rat received single intraperitoneal injection of 5mg/kg ADR. The rats were subdivided into: Subgroups A1, A2 and A3. Five animals of each subgroup were sacrificed 14, 24 and 34 days following confirmation of renal damage respectively. Group S (Stem cell (SC) therapy group) of 15 rats were injected with cultured and labeled cord blood HMSCs in the tail vein following confirmation of renal damage. It was subdivided into subgroups S1, S2 and S3, 5 rats of each subgroup were sacrificed 10, 20 and 30 days following Sc therapy respectively. Assessment of serum creatinine was done. Kidney sections were subjected to histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, morphometric studies. In subgroup A1, few Malpighian renal corpuscles (MRCs) with partially and completely obliterated Bowman's space (Bs) were found. Vacuolated cytoplasm and dark nuclei were noticed in the cells lining multiple cortical and collecting tubules (CT). Fibroblasts were noticed between the CT. Subgroup A2 recruited multiple MRCs with partially obliterated Bs. Detached epithelial lining of some CT and desquamated nuclei were found in the lumen of some others. Subgroup A3 demonstrated corpuscles with shrunken glomeruli and wide Bs, others with separated glomerular loops. Detached epithelial lining was found in some CT. Desquamated cells in the lumen of multiple CT exhibited dark nuclei. Subgroup S1 showed corpuscles with patent space and mononuclear infiltrating cells. Vacuolated cytoplasm and dark nuclei were seen in the cells lining few cortical tubules and few CT. Subgroup S2 demonstrated multiple corpuscles with patent space. Desquamated nuclei were seen in the lumen of few CT. Subgroup S3 showed multiple corpuscles with patent Bs and no remarkable shrunken glomeruli. Detached epithelial lining and desquamated nuclei were detected in few CT. Multiple Prussian blue and CD105 positive cells were seen in subgroup S1 compared to subgroups S2 and S3. The mean glomerular area and the mean count of CT showing desquamated nuclei revealed significant difference in subgroups A2 and A3. While, the mean area% of Prussian blue+ve cells and that of CD105 +ve cells measured in subgroup S1 denoted a significant increase compared to subgroups S2 and S3 in cortex and medulla. Serum creatinine indicated significant increase in adriamycin group.