Liver transplantation is the only current therapeutic modality for liver failure, but due to the shortage of organ donors, it is available to only a small proportion of patients. Adult stem cell therapy could solve the problem of degenerative disorders, including liver disease, in which organ transplantation is inappropriate or there is a shortage of organ donors. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of autologous transplantation of BM-derived mononuclear cells subjected to ex vivo hepatocyte differentiation and BM-derived undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells in cirrhotic patients, and at assessing the safety and efficacy of transplantation of these cells via direct intrasplenic injection.