Background: Plasma level of sex hormones is expected to affectdifferent aspects of cognition in postmenopausal females and increase risk of dementia in women than in men. Objective: to assess the relation between estrogen and progesterone levels and cognition in postmenopausal females.Methods: Seventy subjects (30 postmenopausal females, and 40premenopausal females) were subjected to the following: thorough history, medical and neurological examination, full routine laboratory investigations, serum estrogen and progesterone level, a battery of neuropsychological tests including MMSE, Beck's questionnaire for depression, Digit span forward and backward of Wechsler, Benton visual retention test, picture completion and picture arrangement from Wechsler, paired associate learning test, word recognition test, verbal fluency test. Results: Mean estrogen and progesterone levels in post-menopausal females were 14.58 ± 10.12 pg/ml and 0.72 ± 0.21 ng/ml respectively. Whereas their levels in premenopausalfemales were 190.7 ± 91.18 pg/ml and 6.25 ± 5.21 ng/ml respectively. Nosignificant difference between post-menopausal and premenopausal females as regards all tests done except for a significant decrease in the results of paired associate-learning test which measures verbal memory. Positive significant correlation between estrogen level and verbal memory in postmenopausal females. Progesterone level showed non significant correlation with all neuropsychological tests in postmenopausal females.Positive correlation between age of onset of menopause and different tests but with no significant value except for test of verbal memory, whereas negative correlation between years of menopausal period and results of all tests with no significant value. Conclusion: Postmenopausal females had worse performance in different domains of cognition, so early and repeated assessment of cognition in this period is recommended. Also the use of hormonal replacement in postmenopausal period should be investigated.