Pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood mortality accounting for 19% of the 10.6 million deaths that occur each year (Bryce et al., 2005). Risk factors that predispose to pneumonia include poor nutrition, low socioeconomic status, ethnicity, suboptimal immunization, tobacco exposure and underlying disease including: congenital heart disease, prematurity, hereditary lung diseases, interstitial lung disease and suppurative lung disease (Whitney and Harber, 2004). Vitamin D influences antimicrobial activity, inflammation, and coagulation partly by regulating calcium phosphorous homeostasis and by acting on lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and respiratory epithelial cells through vitamin D receptors (Yim et al., 2007). Also, the activity of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, responsible for initiating the immune response through pathogen associated molecular patterns, are modulated by vitamin D, vitamin D also stimulates the innate immune system through vitamin D receptor-dependent expression of antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin and defensins) and regulation of (TLRs) signaling (Liu et al., 2007). (TLRs) are responsible for recognition of pathogens in human macrophages, monocytes and epithelial cells so have activity against bacteria and some respiratory (Inamo et al., 2011). Low level of vitamin D have been associated with an increased incidence of pneumonia. The biological rationale for this association is based principally on laboratory evidence that the activated hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D[1,25(OH)2D] is a potent immuno-modulator (Adams et al., 2007).