Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the main cause of chronic liver disease and of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The estimated global prevalence of the disease is 3%, representing approximately 170 million infected individuals in the world. Great geographical variability among the global HCV prevalence is observed.In Egypt, the situation is quite worse. Egypt contains the highest prevalence of hepatitis C (10-15%) in the world. Genotype 4 represents over 90% of cases in Egypt. Chronic HCV is the main cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer in Egypt and, indeed, one of the top five leading causes of death. The major route of exposure appears to be due to injection therapy and inadequate infection control practices. In addition to blood transfusions prior to 1994, the major risk factor associated with HCV infection is a history of antischistosomal injection treatment before 1986. The aim of the present study was to measure the frequency and the risk factors of Hepatitis C infection among a sample of undiagnosed Egyptian subjects seeking dental care (192 outpatients). A simple random sample of 192 outpatients (with age ranging from 18 to 60 years old) attending the Diagnosis clinic at the Faculty of Oral and Dental medicine, Cairo University was recruited during a period of 6 months starting from October 2014 till March 2015. Randomization of that sample of subjects was done by second party (screening officer) in order to avoid selection bias.First, the participants in the study were assessed for a standardized risk factor questionnaire.Secondly, when at least one risk factor was reported, the patient was subjected to a screening test for anti-HCV (ELISA test) in the clinical laboratory at the Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, if they agreed. Those with positive results were informed of the necessity to carry out polymerase chain reaction test (PCR) to confirm the diagnosis of HCV infection.Positive ELISA test was found in 5 patients of those having risk factors, representing anti HCV frequency of 11.9% among those who reported risk factors (42 outpatients). Among these 5 positive cases, two cases were associated with extra oral surgery in Egypt (40%), of which one case also had PAT; while one case was associated with blood transfusion (20%), one case (20%) had abnormal alanine aminotransferase level and a case (20%) was associated with both abnormal alanine aminotransferase level and infected needle stick.The most common risk factors for HCV infection in the present study were abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, infected needle stick injury followed by PAT, blood transfusion and extra-oral surgeries.Since, the invasive health care procedures remain a source of HCV transmission. Therefore, Educating medical personnel on safe practices and assuring sterile practices are logical goals for intervention. Implementation of comprehensive infection prevention program should be considered.A history of PAT remains as a risk factor associated with an increased risk of anti-HCV, even after controlling for prior parenteral therapy.Older age group, illiteracy, male gender, married status as well as irregular dental treatment are basic parameters associated with increased risk for positive anti-HCV antibodies, beside considering the Lower Egypt higher in frequency of HCV infection than Upper Egypt.