Postmenopausal osteoporosis can be diagnosed by DXA( dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) or other measures as quantitative computed tomography and ultrasonography. There are various measures of prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: Nonpharmacological Measures: as adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and adequate exercise especially during puberty. Pharmacological Measures: as HRT (hormone replacement therapy), Bisphopsphonates, SERMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators), Calcitonin, Tibolone and Parathyroid Hormone.