Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of functioning endometrial glands and stroma together outside the uterine cavity. Little is known about its prevalence, its distribution in the population, or its risk factors. It is though to be a relatively common disease, with an estimated prevalence among women of reproductive age as high as 10%. Despite being one of the most frequently encountered gynecological disease, the exact cause and the pathogenesis of endometriosis has long been debated, but essentially theories can be divided into those that suggest development in situ by metaplasia or development as a consequence of the dissemination of endometrium. Endometriosis although associated with a variety of symptoms, primarily produces pain and infertility. Three classes of techniques have been used to diagnose women with endometriosis beside the history and the clinical picture; biochemical markers, radiological imaging, and laparoscopic examination of peritoneal cavity. Endometriosis can be treated using various medical therapies, by laparoscopic surgery, or a combination of both modalities. This essay throws lights on the recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of the pelvic endometriosis by laparoscopy.