Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ProTaper Universal retreatment rotary files and Hedström hand files for the removal of Gutta-percha/AHPlus and Resilon/Epiphany filling materials during root canal retreatment. Materials and Methods: Eighty extracted human singlerooted teeth were instrumented with K-files and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA and the last flush before obturation was by saline. The samples were divided into 2 main groups with 40 specimens each and filled with Gutta-percha/AHPlus sealer or with Resilon/Epiphany sealer. According to retreatment method, each main group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups of 20 specimens each, where Hedström hand files or ProTaper Universal retreatment rotary files were used. The time needed to eliminate the filling material was recorded. Root canal walls were examined using stereomicroscope and direct digital radiographs to evaluate the material remnants on each root third. Student’s t-test was used to determine significant differences between mean values of time and remaining material (P ≤ 0.05). Results: None of the techniques completely removed the root filling material. The ProTaper subgroups had less filling material in coronal and middle thirds, while Hedström subgroups had less filling material in the apical third. The apical third of all subgroups showed significantly more remnants than middle and coronal thirds. However, the time for filling material removal was lower with ProTaper than with Hedström files. Conclusion: Both instrumentation techniques left filling material inside the root canal and mainly in the apical third. Resilon/Epiphany filling material was more difficult to remove than Guttapercha/AHPlus filling material.