Transplantation of fetal retinal cells is a promising new technique to restore or prevent vision deterioration in degenerative retinal disease such as, Retinitis Pigmentosa which is caused by a degeneration of the retina itself; first the rods, and then the cones. In addition, macular degeneration, including the hereditary forms such as Stargardt’s disease, and age-related macular degeneration, where the retinal pigment epithelium deteriorates. Transplantation of the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptors and the neural retinal themselves have been performed in multiple animal experiments, where there are numerous fascinating, expected and unexpected problems facing each of these new methods to repair the retina. However, before the safety and effectiveness of retinal transplants can be evaluated in clinical trials, basic research questions must be answered. Early studies performed with small animals must be perfect and progress to larger species. This study reviews and discusses the scientific and clinical facts and controversies surrounding human retinal transplantation as they have developed up to the present. In addition, the latest achievement in the Electronic retinal microchips in their two sites, epiretinal and subretinal space.