Different terms are often now used to separate differences between the sexes that are based on biological differences (sex related) from those based on sociocultural differences (gender related). Inevitably the terms “sex” and “gender” are often used loosely and interchangeably. This semantic confusion is not important. Much more important is that this topic is receiving the attention it deserves and that we are learning a lot about how biological and sociocultural differences can profoundly affect every aspect of our health and our response to disease and treatment (Buist et al., 2003).