Chronic chest troubles are the most common cause of chronic illnesses. They include bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, ciliary dyskinesia and immune deficiency. They can affect the cognitive functions and psychosocial behavior of children. They may also affect the school performance of these children. Design: Case-Control study.The objectives: this study aimed to evaluate the effect of these chronic chest troubles on cognition, psychosocial behavior and academic performance of these children. It was executed in Abou El-Reesh Children Hospital, Cairo University. The number of children was 100 (males and females) aged from 6 to 15 years (Mean age ± SD = 9.78 ± 2.58). 50 children were suffering from chronic chest troubles as proved by full clinical examination, laboratory and radiological investigation, and 50 were controls not suffering from any disease and living under the same socioeconomic conditions. Results: Comparing the results of full scale IQ, PSCL results, midyear scores of mathematics and Arabic language, to children with chronic chest troubles and healthy children, we found significant differences between both groups (P value < 0.05). Conclusion: chronic chest diseases have great impact on the cognitive abilities, psychosocial behavior and academic performance between children with and healthy ones.