Once ARF becomes established, therapy should be directedtoward the prevention of complications.Overt disturbances of extracellular volume and body fluidcomposition remain the objective indications for initiation of RRT inARF these include volume overload, hyperkalemia, severe metabolicacidosis, and overt uremic symptoms.Current treatment modalities replace only part of the multiplefunctions of the kidney. Accordingly, a bioartificial kidney includinga renal tubule assist device (RAD) containing cultured renalproximal tubule cells has been engineered.