Pulmonary complications remain a major cause of both morbidity andmortality in pediatric patients with hematological malignancy. The differentialdiagnosis of these complications is broad and includes both infectious andnoninfectious causes. Infectious etiologies include bacterial, fungal, viral andmycobacterial pathogens. Noninfectious etiologies include disease related andtreatment related causes. Thus the diagnosis of specific cause is important toproceed to the specific management. So etiologic factors, disease pattern, up todate management and possible ways of prevention of these complications arediscussed aiming at achieving an earlier diagnosis that potentially may improvethe mortality rate of these patients.