Indonesia is a country with very high freshwater biodiversity, including the fish group of  the genus Rasbora. Morphological similarities between species in this genus often make identification challenging without additional methods. This study aimed to identify Rasbora specimens from Bangka Island using a DNA barcoding approach based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The sequencing results showed that the specimens had the highest similarity to Rasbora caudimaculata (93.10%) and Brevibora dorsiocellata (94.15%), but did not reach the definitive species identification threshold. Genetic distance analysis (K2P) showed a divergence of 6–8%, with phylogenetic trees grouping the specimens into distinct clades. These findings indicate the possibility of a new species or a genetically isolated local population. Further studies with an integrative approach are required for taxonomic validation. This finding also opens up opportunities for utilization in aquaculture, especially in the development of local species as economically valuable aquaculture candidates with specific adaptations to the aquatic environment of Bangka Island.