Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of olive oil on the atrophied filiform papillae of the tongue of diabetic albino rats. Materials and methods: Eighteen albino rats were used in this study and were divided into 3 groups. Group I: Control group which included 6 rats. Group II: Diabetic group which included 6 rats and Group III: Diabetic group treated with olive oil which included 6 rats. The experiment was terminated after fifteen and thirty days of diabetes induction. The tongue filiform papillae specimens were dissected and prepared for collection at days 15, 30, and they were analyzed by scan electron microscopy, .histologically, histomorphometrically and statistically. Results: SEM examination of groupI showed that the dorsal surface was covered by elongated and conical shaped-filiform papillae. Filiform papillae in groupII appeared destructed and irregular compared to control group I. Filiform papillae in group III began to regain their normal appearance. Histological analysis of group I showed that the filiform papillae appeared normal, characterized by keratinized structures with uniform thickness of the lingual epithelium, lamina propria. In group II, there was a complete loss of the conical shape of the filiform papillae with significant infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lamina propria. In group III, the filiform papillae began to regain their normal appearance. Conclusion: Diabetes with chronic hyperglycemia has damaging effects on the lingual filiform papillae. On the other hand olive oil has a reparative and protective role towards these effects.