The bioactive protein afamin (AFA) comes from the liver. Elevated AFA levels are associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The most successful treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery (BS), leading to significant weight loss and metabolic benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of BS in managing type 2 diabetes and to summarize some of the most common vitamin and mineral deficiencies associated with BS, particularly the impact on AFA protein. In three periods, forty patients aged 40–50 years were compared with obese individuals prior to surgery and after six and twelve months of BS. ELISA was utilized to measure the quantities of AFA. Using an automated spectrophotometer, the Cobas E411 device measures calcium, lipid profiles, vitamins, and hormones. The results of the study showed that, at 6 month and 12 month following BS, patients' BMI, HbA1C, HOMA IR, lipid profile, and insulin values all decreased statistically significantly (p < 0.05); however, there was a statistically significant decreased in blood AFA levels. Following a 6-month BS group, the patient's calcium, vitamin B12 and vitamin D3 concentrations were all noticeably higher than those of the patients following a 12-month BS group was decreased. Recent research suggests that there may be a cause-and-effect relationship between AFA and obesity. Serum AFA levels decreased as a result of weight loss following BS. The potential of receiver operating characteristic of AFA as a metabolic syndrome indicator may lead to future advancements in the medical treatment of obesity.