يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان حقيقة المال وأقسامه في الفقه الإسلامي والقانون، والمقارنة بينهما، وبيان موقف نظام المعاملات المدنية السعودي منهما.
وقد سار فيه الباحث على المنهج الوصفي المقارن الاستنتاجي، والذي تمثّل ببيان حقيقة المال وأقسامه في الفقه الإسلامي، وذلك بعد الرجوع إلى الكتب المعتمدة في كل مذهب من المذاهب الأربعة، كما تناول الباحث حقيقة المال وأقسامه في القانون، وبيّن الفرق بين المال والشيء عند القانونيين، ثم قارن الباحث في حقيقة المال وأقسامه بين الفقه الإسلامي والقانون وبيّن موقف نظام المعاملات المدنية السعودي منهما.
وقد اشتمل البحث على عدد من النتائج، منها: أن المال في الاصطلاح الفقهي: ما كان له قيمة مادية بين الناس، وجاز شرعا الانتفاع به في حال السعة والاختيار، ومنها: أن المال عند القانونيين: هو الحق المالي الذي يرد على الشيء، والشيء هو محل هذا الحق، ومنها: أن المنظم وافق القانونيين في اعتبار تقسيم العقار والمنقول، والمثلي والقيمي، والاستهلاكي وغير الاستهلاكي من قبيل الأشياء، ووافق الفقهاء في اعتبار تقسيم العام والخاص من قبيل الأموال، كما اشتمل البحث على عدد من التوصيات، وهي:
دراسة مقارنة للموضوعات الفقهية الأصيلة كأهلية العاقد وبيوع الخيار وغيرهما بين الفقه الإسلامي والقانون مع تطبيق ذلك على ما ورد في نظام المعاملات المدنية السعودي.
الاهتمام بنظام المعاملات المدنية السعودي من خلال الاطلاع عليه وفهم مواده، فإن ذلك يسهم في بناء مجتمع واعٍ بحقوقه وواجباته.
Abstract:
The aim of this research is to clarify the concept of wealth and its classifications in Islamic jurisprudence and law, and to compare them, while also highlighting the position of the Saudi Civil Transactions System regarding both.
The researcher employed a descriptive comparative inductive approach, which involved clarifying the concept of wealth and its classifications in Islamic jurisprudence by referring to the recognized texts in each of the four schools of thought. Additionally, the researcher addressed the concept of wealth and its classifications in law and distinguished between wealth and items as viewed by legal scholars. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was conducted regarding the realities and classifications of wealth between Islamic jurisprudence and the law, followed by an examination of the stance of the Saudi Civil Transactions System towards both.
The research included several findings, among which are: that wealth, in the legal terminology, refers to what possesses material value among people and is legitimately permissible to benefit from under conditions of abundance and choice; and that, according to legal scholars, wealth is understood as the financial right pertaining to an item, while the item serves as the subject of this right. Additionally, the legislator aligned with legal scholars in considering the division between real estate and personal property, as well as divisible and non-divisible items, and consumable versus non-consumable items as categories of objects. The researcher also agreed with jurists in recognizing the division between public and private as classifications of wealth. Moreover, the research included several recommendations, among which are the exploration of other elements of contracts such as the formulation and the capacity of the contracting parties between jurisprudence and law, applying that to what is stated in the Civil Transactions System. Additionally, it recommends the study of contracts related to financial transactions between jurisprudence and law and how they correspond to what is mentioned in the Civil Transactions System. The research included a number of recommendations, which are:
Conducting a comparative study of fundamental jurisprudential topics such as the capacity of the contracting party, option contracts, etc., between Islamic jurisprudence and law, applying this to what is stated in the Saudi Civil Transactions Law.
Emphasizing the Saudi Civil Transactions Law by reviewing and understanding its articles, as this contributes to building a society that is aware of its rights and duties.