In recent years, a concerning trend has emerged in the aquatic world: Vibrio infections are increasingly affecting fish populations. This comprehensive review dives into the causes, effects, and implications of these infections, shedding light on their significance for fisheries and ecosystems alike. This study explored the alarming rise of these pathogenic bacteria and their impact on aquatic life. Moreover, it focused on understanding this issue since it is crucial for the health of oceans and the sustainability of fish populations. Vibrio species represent a group of significant aquatic pathogens that are the culprits behind vibriosis, a bacterial disease with serious implications for mariculture. This condition threatens to disrupt seafood production on a global scale, leading to extensive mortality rates in aquatic populations and substantial economic losses for those in the industry. More than 85 species within the Vibrio genus thrive in various natural and marine environments around the world. Fish that encounter environmental stressors—such as temperature fluctuations, pollution, or overcrowding—exhibit heightened vulnerability to Vibrio infections. This susceptibility presents a major challenge to achieving sustainable growth in the aquaculture sector. In these farming systems, infections caused by Vibrio can appear abruptly, resulting in catastrophic outcomes for entire fish populations. Furthermore, the reach of Vibrio-related infections is expanding to human populations, an alarming trend attributed to practices in intensive livestock farming and the broader impacts of human-induced climate change. This dual threat underscores the urgent need for better management and preventive measures within both aquaculture and public health domains.