Background: Oral health depends on the complicated oral microbial environment. This variable oral microbiome includes microbial populations on teeth, gums, and tongue. Genetics, food, oral hygiene, and health conditions all influence these microbial ecosystems. This ecology is sensitive, and interruption may cause oral dysbiosis. Oral mucositis and peri-implant infections frequently result from this imbalance. This extensive analysis examines oral pathogens such as Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Porphyromonas. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is used to study how these bacteria cause oral illnesses. This powerful molecular method illuminated oral microbial dynamics. The study illuminated disease development by examining the complex interactions between these pathogenic microorganisms and oral health. The essay also emphasized the need to use cutting-edge scientific methods to treat oral illnesses. It described how these tools have transformed oral pathology research. The findings from this study are crucial for improving treatment and prevention methods. The review stresses oral hygiene and encourages additional study. Dental treatment might become more personalized and targeted, improving oral health management.