ABSTRACT
The health and performance of cattle have been related to trace minerals that are necessary for the immune system. So, our goal was to assess the effects of an injectable trace mineral (ITM) supplement; the effects of copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium on the immune responses of dairy cows vaccinated with multivalent viral vaccine (MLV) against foot and mouth disease (FMD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), and lumpy skin disease (LSD) vaccines. Two groups of dairy cows consisted of twenty cows per group and ranged in age from 3.5 to 4 years. The first group was vaccinated with multiviral vaccines (FMDV, IBRV, BVDV, BEFV, and LSDV vaccines only). The second group's cows received ITM injections with MLV vaccinations following farm policy. On days 0, 7, and 14, blood samples were taken to determine total leucocytic count, antibody titer, neutrophil cells, monocytes, lymphocytes, interleukins 1β and 6, and milk's somatic cell count (SCC). The simultaneous administration of MLV and ITM On the seventh week following vaccination, the vaccines in the second group produced greater antibody titers than the initial group. ITM-treated cows displayed an early increase in mononuclear cells and lymphocyte proliferation to MLV after immunization in contrast to the first group. Additionally, cows after the seventh week of immunization, the second group's interleukins 1β and 6 productions increased, compared to day 0 (P < 0.01).  In conclusion, dairy cows' antibody titer against BVDV, IBRV, FMDV, BEFV, and LSDV increased higher than in the first group when ITM was given to them concurrently with the MLV vaccine. This suggests that ITM may be a viable way to enhance the immune responses of dairy cows to MLV vaccinations.
Keywords: Trace minerals, multivalent viral vaccine, interleukins, immune response, cytokines