Colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It was anticipated that there were over 1.9 million new instances of colorectal cancer and over 930,000 deaths from the disease in 2020. There were significant regional differences in occurrence and mortality rates. The annual burden of colorectal cancer is expected to rise to 3.2 million new cases (a 63% increase) and 1.6 million deaths (a 73% increase) by 2040.
The two primary causes of colorectal cancer patients' poor prognosis are tumor recurrence and treatment resistance. Numerous solid tumors, including CRC, have been found to include cancer stem cells (CSCs).
Tumor recurrence is mostly caused by cancer stem cells (CSC), which are also resistant to chemotherapeutic medicines and cannot be eliminated after chemotherapy. Biomarkers that are strongly associated with the morbidity of the disease may be useful for prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers.
In this review, we feature many studies that show biochemical, molecular, and immunological biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC) which play a main role as a diagnostic and prognostic tool.