Polymers play a crucial role in various industries due to their versatility, affordability, and lightweight characteristics. However, their extensive production and limited biodegradability have become significant environmental challenges. Traditional plastics, often destined for landfills, persist for centuries or contribute to pollution through incineration. The growing environmental concerns surrounding plastic waste have driven the development of biodegradable polymers. These polymers, derived from renewable resources such as starch, cellulose, and vegetable oils, or synthetic bio-based monomers like lactic acid, are designed to degrade naturally through microbial action or photodegradation. The degradation process of these polymers results in harmless byproduct, such as water which supports environmental sustainability. This study provides a detailed examination of the degradation mechanisms of both synthetic and bio-based polymers, identifying key factors that influence polymer degradation in various applications. The study highlighted the significant role of bacteria and fungi in the biodegradation of polymers in freshwater environments, with optimal pH values for landfill degradation ranging between 5.8 and 8.5. The impact of blending biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers on the overall biodegradation process was thoroughly explored. The findings contributed to a deeper understanding of polymer degradation, offering valuable insights into enhancing the biodegradability of polymers for a more sustainable future.