Since the Fourth Industrial Revolution, humanity has experienced many advances and challenges that have overtaken the world. There have been and continue to be very serious environmental changes and catastrophic climate events that have put the planet at risk. Therefore, humanity must abandon irresponsible behaviors in dealing with the environment and modify them to achieve peaceful coexistence with all its elements, and man is a friend of the environment.
The Global Risks Report (17th Edition) issued by the World Economic Forum (World Economic Forum, 2022) pointed out ten risks that threaten humanity at the present time and pose major global challenges, including five risks that threaten the environment, namely: Climate action failure, extreme weather events, biodiversity loss, environmental degradation, environmental damage, and natural resource crises (McLennan, et al., 2022). This has required the international community to mobilize various efforts to minimize the damage caused by human activities on Earth.

As an extension of the UN's efforts to help countries move towards a low-carbon economy, the UN coordinated the agreement between (197) countries on 12 December 2015 to create the ‘Paris Climate Change Agreement' (COP-21) with the aim of accelerating the transition to clean energy, containing global warming to less than 2°C, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and striving to keep global warming to no more than (1. 5°C-degree). The Paris Agreement specified that emissions must be reduced by 45% by 2030 and reach zero net emissions by 2050, marking the beginning of a shift towards a low-carbon world.