In the light of escalating geopolitical crises, major powers are significantly enhancing their quantitative and qualitative nuclear capabilities with new determinants and objectives, and in the context of the absence of frameworks governing nuclear proliferation as a result of the current manifestations of “anarchy" in the global political system. From the perspective of the neo-realism theory and the concepts it proposes, this study aims to analyze current nuclear proliferation and explore its determinants, relying on the qualitative approach and content analysis. The study concludes that there are a number of new features of current nuclear proliferation, which are likely to continue in the coming years in light of the Change of Great Power status in international system and the rise of actors that have increasing influence in that system. The paper also argues that these features may be reflected in the assumptions of new realism and contribute to its development.