The Astragalus polysaccharides (APs) are hydrophilic heteropolysaccharides derived from the stalks or roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Leguminosaceae plant. It is commonly known in Chinese as Huangqi or Radix Astragali. The main active component of Astragalus membranaceus is the APs, which possess a number of pharmacological properties as well as contributing to the efficacy of drugs. The structure of Aps is composed of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and polymeric carbohydrates that are joined by alpha-type glycosidic unions. It is now possible to treat a wide variety of diseases with APs, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurological disorders. A substantial number of in vitro and animal studies have clarified the treatment procedures and effects of APs on a variety of disorders. There is a limited therapeutic potential for APs. Due to their bulkiness, restricted solubility, and negatively charged properties, APs have limited therapeutic potential due to their low bioavailability and large molecular weight. Our review summarizes the pharmacological actions of APs as well as provides research investigations and major clinical information that will help widen clinical outcomes by elucidating treatment methods. Moreover, the review presents the approaches to improve the bioavailability of APs in the future by altering their structure and transforming them into nano-forms.