Peels from Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) contain a variety of strong active components that are beneficial to human health. This study aimed to determine the potential effect of eggplant peels in treating stomach ulcers in rats. Phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins as bioactive compounds were quantified in the acidified alcoholic extract of eggplant peels. In addition, identification of the isolated compounds was performed by HPLC and LC-ESI-MS analyses. The biochemical evaluation was done through measuring stomach acidity (PH), gastric volume, lesion counts, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (AP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Stomach histopathological features were also monitored. Twenty-six compounds (six phenolic acids, 12 flavonoids, and 8 anthocyanin compounds were identified. For the first time, four compounds (kaempferol, quercetin, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside) and one known compound; quercetin 3-O-glucoside were isolated from the eggplant peels. Rats given methanolic extract from the peels of Solanum melongena L. show variable improvements in all biochemical parameters as well as in the histological characteristics of the stomach. In conclusion, Solanum melongena L. peels could be considered as a nutraceutical agent against stomach ulcers. Confirming the chemical responsible for its therapeutic activity will require additional research.