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The Biochemistry of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and The Role of Nursing in Cancer Care.

Article

Last updated: 01 Jan 2025

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Subjects

-

Tags

Biochemistry

Abstract

Introduction: Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has become a groundbreaking approach in cancer treatment. This includes therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways to enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. Several cancers, including melanoma, lung, kidney, and colorectal cancer, are treated using ICIs. However, despite their efficacy, ICIs are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that can range from mild to life-threatening, affecting various body systems such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and endocrine organs.

Aim: This article explores the biochemistry of immune checkpoint inhibitors, their mechanisms of action, the impact of irAEs, and the crucial role of nursing in managing these adverse events. It emphasizes the need for nurses to monitor, educate, and intervene to mitigate the risks associated with ICIs, ensuring better patient outcomes during cancer treatment.

Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature, clinical guidelines, and case studies on the mechanisms, types, and management of irAEs related to ICIs was conducted. The review also covers the nursing interventions necessary for the early detection, management, and education of patients receiving immunotherapy.

Results: Immune checkpoint inhibitors work by disrupting the immune system's negative regulation, restoring the body's immune response against tumors. However, irAEs occur as a result of this enhanced immune response, leading to systemic inflammation that can damage healthy organs. Nurses play a critical role in identifying early signs of irAEs, educating patients on symptoms, and coordinating care to minimize these effects. Nursing protocols include monitoring patients for signs of toxicity, providing symptom management, and educating patients on reporting adverse symptoms, even those occurring long after treatment cessation.

Conclusion: While ICIs have revolutionized cancer treatment, their associated irAEs require vigilant monitoring and management. Nurses are at the forefront of ensuring safe and effective cancer care through early detection, prompt intervention, and continuous patient education. Integrating these practices into routine clinical care can improve patient outcomes, reducing the severity of irAEs and enhancing the therapeutic benefits of ICIs.

DOI

10.21608/ejchem.2024.336211.10794

Keywords

: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer treatmentand patient education, Immunotherapy, toxicity management, cancer nursing, PD-1, CTLA-4

Authors

First Name

Ohud

Last Name

Almutlaq

MiddleName

Yousef Fahad

Affiliation

First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

oalmotlaq@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Rasheed

Last Name

Aldosari

MiddleName

Dohaim Abdulah

Affiliation

First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

rasheed_n80@hotmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Munira

Last Name

Al-Qahtani

MiddleName

Masmar Misfer

Affiliation

First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

mumsalqahtani@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Refah i

Last Name

Aldawsar

MiddleName

Ibrahim Fahad

Affiliation

Al-Yamamah Health Center in Al-Kharj, the first health cluster, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

rifea123@gmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Hanan

Last Name

Alhomain

MiddleName

Ahmed

Affiliation

Al-Kharj, the first health cluster, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

halhomain@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Norah

Last Name

Alamri

MiddleName

Saed Ali

Affiliation

King Khalid Hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

afhd6158@gmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Shamsah

Last Name

Alammri

MiddleName

Saeed Ali

Affiliation

Riyadh First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

sh4434843@gmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Abdulaziz

Last Name

Alzaagi

MiddleName

Khalid

Affiliation

King Salman Hospital, the First Health Cluster in Riyadh, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

akalzaagi@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Wafaa

Last Name

Alhamed

MiddleName

Mohammed

Affiliation

Aljazerah primary health care center, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

walhamed@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Malikah

Last Name

Alanazi

MiddleName

Mohammed Hathal

Affiliation

Dhahrat Al Badia Health Care Center, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

malikahma@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Amnah

Last Name

Hadi

MiddleName

Mohamad

Affiliation

Al-Jouf Gathering, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

ammoalruwaili@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Mohammad

Last Name

Al Hoaidy

MiddleName

Hossan

Affiliation

Riyadh First Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

mhaldoseri@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Amani

Last Name

AlSaiari

MiddleName

Mabkhoot Mohammed

Affiliation

Al Eman general hospital, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

amalsiari@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Fatma

Last Name

Al Anzezi

MiddleName

Ali

Affiliation

Second health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

falanezi1@moh.gov.sa

City

-

Orcid

-

First Name

Fatimah

Last Name

Kriry

MiddleName

Mosa

Affiliation

Nursing, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia

Email

fattamyy83@gmail.com

City

-

Orcid

-

Volume

67

Article Issue

13

Related Issue

46555

Issue Date

2024-12-01

Receive Date

2024-11-13

Publish Date

2024-12-01

Page Start

1,361

Page End

1,371

Print ISSN

0449-2285

Online ISSN

2357-0245

Article File

EJCHEM_Volume 67_Issue 13_Pages 1361-1371.pdf

PDF . 552.8kB

Link

https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_394459.html

Detail API

https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/service?article_code=394459

Order

394,459

Type

Review Articles

Type Code

444

Publication Type

Journal

Publication Title

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

Publication Link

https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/

MainTitle

The Biochemistry of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and The Role of Nursing in Cancer Care.

Details

Type

Article

Created At

30 Dec 2024