Background: Diabetic crises, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), are acute, life-threatening conditions requiring prompt and effective management. Both conditions are associated with significant electrolyte disturbances, including hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and acidosis, which can lead to severe complications if not managed quickly. These complications may cause significant damage to the brain.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate management strategies for electrolyte disturbances and complications associated with diabetic crises, focusing on the role of standard and advanced diagnostic imaging in assessing brain conditions and examining the impact of ketoacidosis brain damage through case studies. Additionally, it assesses the role of health informatics and artificial intelligence in improving diagnosis and treatment.
Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted of current clinical guidelines and management practices for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Data was collected from recent literature on electrolyte replacement, bicarbonate therapy, and complications associated with diabetic crises. The review also included an analysis of the role of health informatics in managing these conditions, with emphasis on data integration, decision support systems, and remote monitoring. Furthermore, several diagnostic cases were examined using MRI and imaging to study the anatomical and functional brain changes in patients with ketoacidosis conditions.
Results: Effective management of diabetic crises requires careful monitoring and electrolyte replacement, with potassium and phosphate being critical. Bicarbonate therapy should be used selectively due to its potential negative effects. Common complications include seizures, organ failure, and brain edema, which require vigilant monitoring. Health informatics enhances patient care through data management, decision support, and remote monitoring, while artificial intelligence techniques show promise in improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.
Conclusion: Comprehensive management of diabetic crises involves addressing electrolyte imbalances and preventing complications. Data reveals changes in brain structure and function in affected individuals, with health informatics and artificial intelligence serving as valuable tools that enhance the management and outcomes of these critical conditions by facilitating accurate diagnosis, real-time monitoring, and data-driven decision-making.