Background: Biofilms are structured communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces and are embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. These biofilms are a major concern in medical settings due to their resistance to antibiotics and role in chronic infections.

Aim: This study aims to explore the mechanisms behind biofilm resistance and the emerging strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections.

Methods: A comprehensive review of current literature was conducted, focusing on the structural and functional aspects of biofilms, including nutrient limitation, stress responses, and the role of persister cells. The review also examined new approaches to prevent and disrupt biofilm formation.

Results: The findings indicate that biofilm resistance is multifaceted, involving reduced metabolic activity, the protective role of the EPS matrix, and adaptive responses to stress. Emerging strategies, such as the use of antimicrobial peptides, biosurfactants, and anti-biofilm coatings, show promise in enhancing the efficacy of treatments against biofilm-associated infections.

Conclusion: Biofilm-related infections pose significant challenges due to their complex resistance mechanisms. Novel approaches targeting biofilm formation and persistence are crucial for improving treatment outcomes and preventing chronic infections.