Nanotechnology is being used in cancer treatment to deliver drugs to tumors, improve imaging, and detect cancer cells. Nanoparticles are being used to deliver drugs more effectively to tumors, while also reducing the side effects of the drugs. The current context shows the conceivable biomedical utility of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) covered with doxorubicin (DOX) for double chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) of throat cancers (esophagus) in vitro. DOX as FDA-authorized anti-cancer drug was added to AuNPs to enhance the chemotherapy impact. The blended DOX - AuNPs showed exorbitant cytotoxicity at the cancer cells and strong light absorption for temperature expansion in vitro. In the wake of treating DOX– Au nanocomposites with inside the esophagus cell line, PTT-helped DOX-Au nanocomposites involved the fantastical cytotoxicity of the cell strains for 15 min after the laser treatment. Exceptionally cytotoxicity impact in esophagus cell line turned out to be more attractive due to specific light absorption with the aid of using the directed DOX-Au nanocomposites. Thusly, the proposed DOX-Au nanocomposites might be an ability nano-theranostic material for treating throat cancers. The gene expression levels withinside the esophagus cell line from every group with or without laser exposure have been compared individually with control group. Bax has been overexpressed in esophagus cell line organization post 15 min laser irradiation. Conversely, BCL-2 gene has been down regulated with the aid of using RT-PCR analysis post 15 min laser irradiation, while in comparison to control cell line.