Background: Neurological diseases are becoming a more significant burden, and taking action on this developing issue is urgent. Developing solutions for these conditions using stem cell-based regenerative medicine is growing in appeal. Multipotent cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells, are used to treat various illnesses. The bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood are the residence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also known as marrow stromal cells. By producing different integrins, growth factors, cytokines, and adhesion molecules, MSCs help hematopoiesis. Additionally, depending on the lineage of the MSCs, it will be possible to differentiate them. According to in vivo studies, injected MSCs have been identified in the host's adipose tissue, articular cartilage, lung, perivascular regions of the central nervous system. The preclinical and early clinical research on MSC therapy for neurological diseases like stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease is summarized in this article.

Conclusion: Much is still unclear, despite the rise in clinical trials of MSC-based treatments for neurological illnesses during the past ten years and experimental investigations utilizing animal models. Therefore, more study is required to assess and quantify the hazards associated with cell-based versus cell-free treatments, create new methods for obtaining larger numbers of healthy cells, and lessen the variability of outcomes caused by the inherent heterogeneity of MSCs