Islamic Cairo is a city where history comes to life and where architectural marvels proliferate, making it the city with the greatest concentration of heritage architecture in the world. Many types of structural and architectural deterioration phenomena are typically observed in Cairo's historic structures as a result of the dangers posed by numerous activities. A structural and architectural deterioration action is the misuse and reuse of historic buildings for residential purposes. Change and conversion in structural system (such as creating new apertures for ventilation or removing a column or pillar or even a wall) in addition to misuse and disregard for the historical and aesthetic value of these buildings are the primary causes of their deterioration. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fundamental concepts involved in achieving appropriate structural and architectural damage assessment of historic Islamic buildings in Cairo, with application to the 16^th-century “Takiyya al-Sulaymaniyya" Numerous factors, such as seismic excitation, construction defects, fires, transformation, etc., have contributed to the building's extensive structural damage. The report describes the structural system as well as the resulting damage. In addition, it investigates the causes of injury using numerical analysis and other methods. Takiyya al-Sulaymaniyya