ABSTRACT

The introduction of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in dentistry revolutionized the conservative and endodontic field. MTA sets by hydration process to produce insoluble calcium silicate hydrate gel barrier and alkaline calcium hydroxide. The high flux of calcium hydroxide is responsible for the rapid rise of pH and high calcium ion release into the surrounding environment, which in turn contributes to the bioactivity and antibacterial properties of this cement. MTA is considered the gold standard for various clinical applications including pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexification, root-end filling, and perforation repair owing to their superior biocompatibility as well as its sealing properties and antibacterial properties. However, it presented several limitations including prolonged setting time in addition to poor handling and washout characteristics, which presented several challenges during use in the clinical settings. This article reviews the history and evolution, composition, setting reaction, properties, and limitations of MTA as well as its applications in the clinical field.