The global freshwater demand production is steadily growing due to demographic expansion and industrial expansion. The utilization of desalination technology is experiencing a rise in order to fulfill this growing demand. SSs, a type of desalination technology, possess the advantages of low maintenance and affordability. Nevertheless, their productivity is constrained. This paper aims to offer an extensive examination of different classifications of SS. This includes an analysis of designs that are both passive and active, as well as both single- and multiple-effect variations.
Additionally, the paper will explore various enhancements aimed at increasing productivity, such as the implementation of reflectors, mechanisms for storing heat, fins, collectors, and techniques for improving thermal and fluid transport. The inclusion of greenhouse and photovoltaic-thermal SS is additionally encompassed within the scope of this study. The capabilities of PCM in improving performance are highly encouraging, suggesting the need for future research in these and related domains to promote wider adoption of SS technology.