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Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-cryptosporidial Effects of Zingiber officinale Extracts: In-vivo and In-Silco Studies

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Last updated: 28 Dec 2024

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Abstract

Background: The intracellular protozoan Cryptosporidium species is a major cause of waterborne disease worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for new treatments. Objective: This study evaluates the therapeutic potential of Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale/ginger) against Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), analyzing its antioxidant properties, phenolic content, and anti-protozoal effects. Methodology: Methanol extraction of air-dried Z. officinale rhizomes was followed by organic solvent fractionation. Total phenolic content was assessed with Folin-Ciocalteu's assay, and antioxidant activity was measured by the phosphomolybdenum method. An in vivo study on dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice included seven groups: uninfected control, infected model, and five infected groups treated with different extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate, aqueous, petroleum ether) or nitazoxanide as a reference drug. Results: The most effective extract regarding oocyst reduction was methanol (89%). Molecular docking revealed robust binding to a target protein in C. parvum, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed for the identification of important active chemicals. The highest levels of antioxidant activity and phenolic content were found in the ethyl acetate fraction. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction and methanol extract of Z. officinale exhibited strong antioxidant properties and high phenolic content. Methanol extract demonstrated significant anti-cryptosporidial effects, reducing oocyst shedding, suggesting it as a promising natural therapeutic option. By linking ginger's chemical makeup to its biological activity using molecular docking, the study shed light on how ginger works against C. parvum opening the door for further therapeutic advancement.

DOI

10.21608/ejmm.2024.332077.1366

Keywords

Zingiber officinale, Cryptosporidium, antioxidant, phenolic content, anti-protozoal

Authors

First Name

Eman

Last Name

Mohamed

MiddleName

A.

Affiliation

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan.

Email

emaniiahmed022@gmail.com

City

Khartoum

Orcid

-

First Name

Ayat

Last Name

Alrasheid

MiddleName

A.

Affiliation

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan.

Email

ayatwarag@yahoo.com

City

Khartoum

Orcid

-

First Name

Maha

Last Name

Elshazly

MiddleName

A.M.

Affiliation

Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza 12411, Egypt

Email

m.elshazly@tbri.gov.eg

City

Giza

Orcid

-

First Name

Eman

Last Name

Elwakil

MiddleName

S.

Affiliation

Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza 12411, Egypt

Email

drfaith@ymail.com

City

Giza

Orcid

-

First Name

El-Sayed

Last Name

Abdel-Hameed

MiddleName

S.

Affiliation

Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza 12411, Egypt

Email

shzssayed@yahoo.com

City

Giza

Orcid

-

First Name

Ibrahim

Last Name

Aly

MiddleName

R.

Affiliation

Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza 12411, Egypt

Email

ibrahimshalash@yahoo.com

City

Giza

Orcid

-

First Name

Saad

Last Name

Ayoub

MiddleName

M.H.

Affiliation

Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan.

Email

sacitrullus@gmail.com

City

Khartoum

Orcid

-

First Name

Ezzat

Last Name

Osman

MiddleName

E.A.

Affiliation

Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza 12411, Egypt

Email

e.abdellateef@tbri.gov.eg

City

Giza

Orcid

-

First Name

Mohamed

Last Name

Shemis

MiddleName

A.

Affiliation

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza 12411, Egypt

Email

m.shemis@tbri.gov.eg

City

Giza

Orcid

-

First Name

Shaimaa

Last Name

Mohamed

MiddleName

S.

Affiliation

Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza 12411, Egypt

Email

dr.shaimaashaker@gmail.com

City

Hay alashgar - 6th of October

Orcid

-

Volume

34

Article Issue

1

Related Issue

50252

Issue Date

2025-01-01

Receive Date

2024-10-29

Publish Date

2025-01-01

Print ISSN

1110-2179

Online ISSN

2537-0979

Link

https://ejmm.journals.ekb.eg/article_391513.html

Detail API

https://ejmm.journals.ekb.eg/service?article_code=391513

Order

391,513

Type

New and original researches in the field of Microbiology.

Type Code

2,038

Publication Type

Journal

Publication Title

Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Publication Link

https://ejmm.journals.ekb.eg/

MainTitle

Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-cryptosporidial Effects of Zingiber officinale Extracts: In-vivo and In-Silco Studies

Details

Type

Article

Created At

28 Dec 2024