Cardiovascular illnesses are the main cause of death in humans, accounting for over 20 million deaths annually. Egypt has one of the highest rates of CVD mortality when compared to other regions and the entire world. Major American and European cardiac groups issued a consensus statement in 2007 that provided a common definition of MI. This definition added lab testing and clinical history to the prior terminology. Blood tests that are sensitive to cardiac muscle injury (troponin I or T) and clinical evidence supporting an AMI diagnosis. The term biomarker is an abbreviation for “biological marker," a phrase first introduced in 1989. In 2001, the definition of a biomarker was redefined as “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pharmacologic responses, or pathogenic processes. Myocardial necrosis triggers the release of cardiac enzymes into the bloodstream. Hence, myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK), as well as the idea of delta change, were established as the first biomarkers of AMI (acute myocardial infarction). AST and LDH were historically the first cardiac enzymes utilized in AMI.

In this review, we are discussing the most recent cardiac biomarkers, emphasizing the advantages, disadvantages, and uses of each.