Two greenhouse experiments were carried out at Experimental Station of Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor during 2020 and 2021 seasons on squash plant cv. Eskandarani. Seeds of squash were soaked for 4 hours in calcium at 250 & 500mg/l, nano calcium at 50 & 100mg/l, phosphorus at 250 & 500 mg/l, nano phosphorus at 50&100 mg/l and water (control) to evaluate the effect of treatments on vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, anatomical characteristics of squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) grown under cold stress conditions. Foliar application of squash plants with the previous treatments gave the highest values of vegetative growth of roots (size, length, diameter, fresh and dry weights), stems (length, diameter, fresh and dry weights) and leaves (number, total leaves area, fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments compared with the control especially, nano phosphorus at 50 mg/l followed by nano calcium at 100 mg/l. For the anatomical study, results revealed that different anatomical characteristics of squash roots and stems were improved positively. Also, the most traits of squash anatomical features were increased with different applied treatments. Generally using nanoparticles can be applied to increase squash growth and productivity under cold stress conditions.