Background: The head louse, also known as Pediculus humanus capitis, is a parasitic insect that infects millions of people, primarily children, across the world. Lice infestations can cause severe health problems, including social and psychological repercussions. 1. Introduction: Worldwide, Pediculosis capitis is the most prevalent ectoparasitosis. Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) is responsible for the infestation, which affects the hair, scalp, and skin. Rarely does it manifest with other symptoms, and in the majority of instances, when correctly treated, it has a benign course [1]. Objectives: This review provides an overview of Pediculus humanus capitis, including its prevalence, distribution, and transmission. In addition, we cover the biology and morphology of head lice, the epidemiology of head lice infestations, and the numerous diagnostic and treatment procedures. Finally, we examine ways for avoiding and treating head lice infestations, as well as the ramifications of this parasitic illness for public health. Conclusions: Infestations of head lice are a severe public health issue with considerable social and economic ramifications. To address this issue and enhance the health and well-being of individuals and communities, effective diagnosis and treatment, as well as preventative and control initiatives, are required.