Background: Esophageal atresia is congenital anomalies of the esophagus. The manifestations of esophageal atresia include excessive oral secretions, vomiting and unexplained cyanosis after initial feeding. Complications of esophageal atresia are severe and can lead to poor prognosis and outcomes if left untreated. Nurses provide care for neonates before, during, and after surgical operation to prevent complications. Aim: This study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge and practices regarding care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Research design: A descriptive study design was used to conduct this study. Settings: This study was carried out at Neonatal Surgical Intensive Care Unit at Benha Specialized Pediatric Hospital that affiliated to ministry of health and population. Subjects: A convenient sample of all available nurses 60 nurses, A purposive sample of 60 neonate with undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Tools of data collection: Two tools were used: Tool I: A structured interviewing questionnaire sheet consisted of 2 parts: Part 1, Characteristics of the studied nurses and neonates with esophageal atresia, medical data of studied neonates. Part 2, Nurses' knowledge regarding esophageal atresia and care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Tool II: An observational checklist: Nurses' practices regarding care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Results: More than half of them have poor total knowledge, slightly more than half of the studied nurses have incompetent practice after surgery and there is a highly significant positive relation between total scores of nurses` knowledge and practice regarding care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Conclusion: There was a positive statistical correlation between total level of nurses' knowledge and practices regarding care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery. Recommendation: Pediatric nurses should update their knowledge and practice through continuing training, educational programs and workshops concerning the care of neonates undergoing esophageal atresia surgery.