Background: This work used spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to assess the macular thickness asymmetry as a diagnostic marker of early glaucoma. Measurements of the thickness of the macula's superior and inferior quadrants as well as the overall thickness of macular ganglion cells will be used to do this. Objectives: The main goal of the study was to use OCT to detect early occurrences of glaucoma in students at Sohag University who had normal or rising IOP. Patients and Method: Case-control study patients and methodology There were 127 participants in this study, or 200 eyes total. 100 people in (Group 1) had early primary open angle glaucoma (cases) (100 eyes) with glaucomatous visual field abnormalities and/or signs of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON). With regard to ( Group 2), there were 73 glaucoma-free, healthy controls (controls) with 100 eyes who were unharmed in their visual fields. Results: There is a significant difference in age, total GCL, superior GCL, and inferior GCL between early glaucoma cases and normal cases (P value = 0.000). Early glaucoma cases also had lower levels of total GCL, superior GCL, and inferior GCL. Age and total GCL have a weakly negative connection (r= -.158, P = 0.001), which is weakly negative. In binary logistic regression, Inferior GCL (P value 0.001), Superior GCL (P value = 0.004), and Total GCL (P value = 0.03) are the three variables that affect glaucoma the most. Conclusion: As a result, macular scans are a useful diagnostic tool for detecting early glaucoma. Age-related changes in the thickness of many retinal layers should also be taken into account when interpreting data on retinal layer and RNFL thickness in research examining the impact of disease on the retina.