Introduction :
The heart and kidney are closely related. Their role is to maintain salt–water homeostasis and normal blood pressure. Renal impairment and disturbance of salt and water excretion result in an increase in cardiac preload as well as afterload. Furthermore, low cardiac output can decrease kidney perfusion and lead to kidney failure. Therefore, renal impairment is one of the most serious consequences of HF. Primary mechanisms of this process are mainly reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion. However, coexisting renal failure can also be caused by diabetes, arterial hypertension, or ischemic kidney disease. HFrEF with renal impairment have more complications, hospital admissions, higher incidence of arrhythmia and longer hospital stay.
Aim of the work:
The aim of the study was to identify the impact of the presence of chronic kidney disease on clinical presentation, management, in hospital and short-term outcomes of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.