Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Poorly controlled diabetes lead to serious complications, including retinopathy; nephropathy; peripheral neuropathy, atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral arterial and cerebrovascular disease.
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most prominent complications of diabetes and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, requiring costly renal replacement therapy(dialysis or transplantation).
DKD is a clinical syndrome characterized by: persistent albuminuria (albumin to creatine ratio [ACR] >30 mg/g ) and/ or progressive reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2)
Chromogranin A (CgA) is the main member of the chromogranin glycoprotein family and is an acidic hydrophilic glycoprotein.The kidney is the main organ for the removal of CgA, and it is elevated in serum with declining renal function. In patients with renal failure, serum CgA increases higher than creatinine and other biomarkers.