Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is the ocular manifestation of end-organ damage in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy has been classically considered as a microvascular disease of the retina. However, growing evidence suggests that retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, which could contribute to the development of microvascular abnormalities. Although defects in neurosensory function have been demonstrated in patients with diabetes mellitus prior to the onset of vascular lesions, the most common early clinically visible manifestations of diabetic retinopathy microaneurysm formation and intraretinal hemorrhages.
One of the advancements in the field of assessment of retinal microcirculation is the use of Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A).it is a non-invasive, depth-resolved technique for imaging the retina and choroid microvasculature.
One of the management approaches to high-risk proliferative PDR is pars plana vitrectomy for persistent vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, tractional maculopathy.