Climate change and water scarcity are pressing global challenges, impacting ecosystems and human livelihoods, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable water management practices. As a byproduct of olive oil production, olive mill wastewater (OMW) poses environmental challenges due to its high organic content and toxicity. To address this, various treatments, ranging from physical and biological to advanced methods, have been evaluated to manage OMW. The objective is to reduce its organic load, mitigate associated toxins, and investigate its potential for utilization in irrigation and fertilization.

The investigation involved assessing multiple parameters [pH, EC, turbidity, DO, COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, cations, anions, macro & micro nutrients, heavy metals, and polyphenols] before and after each treatment. This approach shows promising potential in achieving significant treatment efficacy. Furthermore, innovative treatments for olive mill wastewater carry immense significance in conserving water resources for future generations, endorsing sustainable agricultural practices, and shielding ecosystems from the harmful impacts of untreated waste.