Pesticides play a crucial role in modern agriculture by enhancing crop yield and protecting crops from pests. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides has raised concerns about their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment, particularly through residues in food. Analytical methods are essential for monitoring pesticide residues in food to ensure compliance with safety regulations and to protect consumers. This review provides an overview of analytical techniques employed to determine pesticide residues in food, focusing on advances in instrumentation, sample preparation, and detection methods. Various chromatographic, spectroscopic, and mass spectrometric techniques are discussed, highlighting their strengths and limitations. Additionally, emerging technologies such as biosensors and nanomaterial-based approaches are explored for their potential applications in pesticide residue analysis. The review also addresses challenges and future perspectives in the field, emphasizing the need for continued research and innovation to improve detection sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency in pesticide residue analysis.