The essential aim of the current investigation is to focus on how Mycobacterium TB, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, becomes resistant to treatment. This review highlights the following crucial points: Introduction to the incidence of TB and its relevance as a worldwide health concern, particularly with the introduction of multidrug-resistant forms. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has various mechanisms that allow it to resist anti-TB medications. These include an impermeable cell wall, a slow metabolism, and the presence of drug excretion pumps. The transmission of the infection and the risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing tuberculosis are detailed. An in-depth examination into how molecules develop resistance to some of the most used TB medications, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides, as well as genetic alterations associated with resistance. Discuss the need to use more than one medicine to treat tuberculosis so that resistance does not develop. This refers to the present tendency in research to discover novel compounds capable of killing drug-resistant strains.
In summary, this review covers molecular and cellular drug resistance mechanisms in M. tuberculosis, focusing on the most important tuberculosis drugs and novel treatment methods.