Based on a large number of examples of Arabic and Chinese rhetoric in daily life and literature, this paper not only compares the definitions, classifications and structural forms of rhetoric on the theoretical level, but also gives concrete examples of public life and language expression on the practical level, and describes its application. "Same in form, different in quality" -- this is the common soul of Arabic and Chinese rhetoric. They are basically the same in construction and use, and very similar aesthetically. However, due to different language characteristics and national culture, the structure, application and metaphor of rhetoric in Chinese and Arabic are also different. Based on the comparison of language system and cognitive psychology, this paper analyzes in detail the reasons for the appearance of Ahan rhetoric, the deep traces of nomadic culture and peasant culture, and the differences between Islamic thought and Buddhist thought. The Chinese rhetoric reveals the inner law of Arabic and Chinese rhetoric, which makes people better understand the culture and thought of the two nations.