Abstract

The research aims to investigate the role of religious institutions in finding solutions to political crises that the society in Egypt faced during the Greek and Roman eras. Specifically, it focuses on the Theban region under Ptolemaic rule (207-186 BC, 168-164 BC, 90-85 BC). Frequent disturbances and popular rebellions characterized these periods, during one of which the region successfully seceded (Hölbl, 2001). Additionally, the research explores the Mendesian region during the Roman era (171-172 AD), under Emperor Marcus Aurelius. A significant revolt against Roman authority, known as the Herdsmen's Revolt or the Revolt of the Bucoli, erupted in the northern delta. (Dio Cassius 72. 4. 1-2; Hist. Aug., Marc. Aur. 21; Achilleus Tatius 4. 12. 7-8).

Egyptian herdsmen and farmers in the northern Delta launched a guerrilla-style campaign against Roman forces stationed in their region. This serious rebellion threatened Roman control in Egypt, with Alexandria itself at risk of falling to Egyptian rebels.

This research sheds light on the role of religious institutions in finding solutions to the political crises that the society in Egypt faced during that period. Through an analysis of papyrus documents and contemporary sources, the researcher identifies indicators and evidence that illuminate the influence and role of these institutions in navigating these political upheavals during the Ptolemaic and Roman periods.

Keywords: Religious institutions - Solutions to political crises - Popular rebellions - Thebes – Mendesian region - Ptolemaic and Roman eras.